knaan   Slaves  R-M417  r1a   .r1a.org/2 23andme  r1a.org/1 bohemian-arms  wenzelik  vencelik  Familie-Wenzlick  przemyslides vencelik-trest  Clementinum wrsowic  adalbert  przemysl  Henri_IV_du_Saint-Empire  Grande-Moravie Nezamysl vrsovici  satem-centum wanclik.tade

In modern times ,last names generally reflect a characteristic of the past.Der Adel von Böhmen , Mähren, und Schlesien.S.Venzelik   trest.cz alains-  alanis  SCYTHES-wisigoths  DE-SOUZA

Henricus Conradus Wenzelik bars un Sarabitz in Trish .Sigismus    En-995 wrsowici-przemyslides-slavnikowie 1800 malec-zamek-dawny wrsowic  wrsowic

A.Venzelik 1596   wenzlick  wenzlik  wenzlick     wenzelik2017   wenzlick  weinfach.de/Wenzlick

http://tade.janik.wanclik.free.fr/R1a1a1b1a1-m458-alans.htm       ALAINS   knaanic   vanth   http://wanglik.free.fr/ alains dys389ii=29  Sarmates  Sarmatians

Toponymie  R1a Le nom « Vans » viendrait soit d’un terme celtique signifiant « versant »2, soit plus sûrement du radical oronymique ligure (préceltique) VAN-/VEN - fréquent dans les Alpes (Vence, Vanoise, Venosc, Venanson, Vénéon...).et en Europe centrale (wentz, vantz,) (kenty, kanty) Les habitants des Vans s'appellent les Vanséens et les Vanséennes. Les habitants sont appelés les Vanséens et les Vanséennes. Le mot wanc est la traduction du latin campus ager In Swedish prehistory, the Vendel Period (550-790) comes between the Migration Period and the Viking Age. The migrations and upheaval in Central Europe had lessened somewhat, and two power regions had appeared in Europe: the Merovingian kingdom and the Slavic princedoms in Eastern Europe and the Balkans. A third power, the Catholic Church, had begun to expand its influence. In Scandinavia, the Germanic clan society was still very much alive. In Uppland, in what today is the east-central part of Sweden, Old Uppsala was probably the centre of religious and political life. It had both a well-known sacred grove and great Royal Mounds. There were lively contacts with Central Europe, and the Scandinavians continued to export iron,fur, and slaves; in return they acquired art and innovations, such as the stirrup.   Vendel era helmet, at theSwedish Museum of National Antiquities. Finds from well-preserved boat inhumation graves at Vendel and Valsgärde show that Uppland was an important and powerful area consistent with the account of the Norse sagasof a Swedish kingdom. Some of the riches were probably acquired through the control of mining districts and the production of iron. The rulers had troops of mounted elite warriors with costly armour. Graves of mounted warriors have been found with stirrups[citation needed] and saddle ornaments of birds of prey in gilded bronze with encrusted garnets. These mounted elite warriors are mentioned in the work of the 6th century Goth scholar Jordanes, who wrote that the Swedes had the best horses beside the Thuringians. They also echo much later in the sagas, where king Adils is always described as fighting on horseback (both against Áli and Hrólf Kraki). Snorri Sturluson wrote that Adils had the best horses of his days. Swedish expeditions began to explore the waterways of what was to become Russia at this time. Games were popular, as is shown in finds of tafl games, including pawns and dice.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia     "Vandal" and "Vandali" redirect here. For other uses, see Vandal (disambiguation).   Vandalic goldfoil jewellery from the 3rd or 4th century The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe, or group of tribes, who were first heard of in southern Poland, but later moved around Europe establishing kingdoms in Spain and later North Africa in the 5th century.[1] The Vandals are believed to have migrated from southern Scandinavia to the area between the lower Oder and Vistula rivers during the 2nd century BC and to have settled in Silesia from around 120 BC.[2][3][4]They are associated with the Przeworsk culture and were possibly the same people as the Lugii. Expanding into Dacia during the Marcomannic Wars and to Pannonia during the Crisis of the Third Century, the Vandals were confined to Pannonia by the Goths around 330 AD, where they received permission to settle by Constantine the Great. Around 400 the Vandals were pushed westwards again, this time by the Huns,crossing the Rhine into Gaul along with other tribes in 406. In 409, the Vandals crossed the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula, where their main groups, the Hasdingi and the Silingi, settled in Gallaecia (northwest) and Baetica (south central) respectively.[5] After the Visigoths invaded Iberia, the Iranian Alans and Silingi Vandals voluntarily subjected to the rule of Hasdingian leader Gunderic, who was pushed from Gallaecia to Baetica by a Roman-Suebi coalition in 419. In 429, under king Genseric, the Vandals entered North Africa. By 439 they established a kingdom which included the Roman province of Africa as well as Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearic Islands. They fended off several Roman attempts to recapture the African province, and sacked the city of Rome in 455. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–4, in which Justinian I managed to reconquer the province for the Eastern Roman Empire. Renaissance and Early Modern writers characterized the Vandals as barbarians, "sacking and looting" Rome. This led to the use of the term "vandalism" to describe any senseless destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defacing of artwork. However, modern historians tend to regard the Vandals during the transitional period from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages as perpetuators, not destroyers, of Roman  Origins   The Germanic tribes of Northern Europe in the mid-1st century AD. The Vandals/Lugii are depicted in green, in the area of modern Poland. The Vandals are believed to have migrated from southern Scandinavia[2][3][4] to the area between the lower Oder and Vistula somewhere in the 2nd century BC, and to have settled in Silesia from around 120 BC.[4] The earliest mention of the Vandals is from Pliny the Elder, who used the term Vandilii in a broad way to define one of the major groupings of all Germanic peoples. Tribes within this category who he mentions are the Burgundiones, Varini, Carini (otherwise unknown), and the Gutones.[13] According to the Gallaecian Christian priest, historian and theologian Paulus Orosius, the Vandals, who lived originally in Scoringa, near Stockholm, Sweden, were of the same stock as the Suiones ("Swedes") and the Goths.[14] Most archaeologists and historians identify the Vandals with the Przeworsk culture.[4][15][16] The bearers of the Przeworsk culture mainly practiced cremation, with occasional inhumation.[16] The Lugii (Lygier, Lugier or Lygians) have been identified by modern historians as the same people as the Vandals.[4][4][17][18][19] The Lugii are mentioned by Strabo, Tacitus and Ptolemy as a large group of tribes living between the Vistula and the Oder. Neither Strabo, Tacitus or Ptolemy mentions the Vandals, while Pliny the Elder mentions the Vandals but not the Lugii.[15] According to John Anderson, the "Lugii and Vandili are designations of the same tribal group, the latter an extended ethnic name, the former probably a cult-title."[17] Herwig Wolfram notes that "In all likelihood the Lugians and the Vandals were one cultic community that lived in the same region of the Oder in Silesia, where it was first under Celtic and then under Germanic domination."[18] For Polish place-names, see Ługi (disambiguation).   The Roman empire under Hadrian (ruled 117-138AD), showing the location of the Lugii tribes between the Viadua (Oder) and Visula (Vistula) rivers The Lugii (or Legii, Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, or Lougoi) were a large tribal confederation mentioned by Roman authors living in ca. 100 BC–300 AD in Central Europe, north of theSudetes mountains in the basin of upper Oder and Vistula rivers, covering most of modern south and middle Poland (regions of Silesia, Greater Poland, Mazovia and Little Poland). Their ethnic affiliation is unclear. Most archaeologists identify the Lugians with the Przeworsk culture.[1] They played an important role on the middle part of the Amber Road from Sambia at the Baltic Sea to the provinces of Roman Empire: Pannonia, Noricum and Raetia.[2] A tribe of the same name, usually spelled as Lugi, inhabited the southern part of Sutherland in Scotland.     Le Royaume vandale est un royaume ayant existé en Afrique du Nord de 429 à 534. Il disparaît après la reconquête byzantine de la région, et plus précisément lors de l'abdication du dernier roi vandale d'Afrique du Nord, Gélimer, en mars 534. Il est créé dans le contexte de la sédentarisation, dans la région la plus éloignée atteinte par les colonnes de peuples des Grandes invasions, entreprise par les Vandales et les Alains qui leur sont soumis, l'aristocratie dominante devenant peu à peu celle des Vandales. De 429 à 439, les Vandales conquièrent une partie des territoires situés sur la côte nord-africaine et s'établissent durablement dans l'actuelleAlgérie orientale, avec comme capitale l'actuelle Béjaïa, puis définitivement à Carthage dans l'actuelle Tunisie. Ils contraignent Rome à établir un traité (fœdus) avec eux par deux fois, en 435 et 442, et constituent un original royaume, parfois nommé « royaume de Carthage », du nom de la riche cité romaine d'Afrique du Nord qu'ils prennent en 439 et qui devient la capitale de leur royaume. La chute du royaume se joue durant les années 533 et 534. La phase de conquête, qui a lieu de 429 à 439, se poursuit par une hégémonie sur le bassin méditerranéen occidental. Les principaux renseignements sur les incursions vandales sont fournies par une source qui leur est violemment hostile, l'Histoire de la persécution vandale en Afrique de Victor de Vita, longtemps considérée comme contenant nombre d'exagérations. Les Vandales étaient un peuple de la Germanie orientale, qui se divisait en Silingues et Asdingues.  Il en est fait mention, pour la première fois, au Ier siècle de notre ère; ils occupaient alors les bords de la Baltique, entre l'Oder et la Vistule. Ils avaient la plus grande ressemblance avec les Goths et les Gépides, qui apparurent plus tard. Dans la seconde moitié du IIe siècle, ils accompagnèrent les Marcomans et les Quades dans leurs incursions en Pannonie, et furent en lutte contre Marc-Aurèle. Pendant cette guerre, dite guerre des Marcomans (166-180 ap. J.-C.), une partie de ceux qui habitaient la Silésie se porta vers la Dacie, tandis qu'un autre groupe traversait l'Allemagne en se dirigeant vers l'Ouest et apparaissait en 280 sur le Main moyen. En Pannonie, ils furent battus par Aurélien, puis par Probus, de 270 à 277. Les Vandales de la Dacie éprouvèrent en 334 une grande défaite sur le Maros, infligée par les Goths : leur roi Wisumar (de la tribu des Astinges) y périt; ceux qui échappèrent à ce désastre demandèrent à Constantin le Grand de leur assigner des terres : Constantin établit les Vandales et les Sarmates dans la Pannonie romaine (334). L'un d'eux, Stilicon, gouverna même l'empire d'Occident, sous Honorius. Les Vandales avaient embrassé l'arianisme. Les Vandales furent entraînés vers l'Ouest par les Huns, quand ceux-ci eurent renversé l'empire des Goths. Un groupe considérable de Vandales, sous la conduite du roi Godegisel, quitta la Pannonie, et, en compagnie des Suèves et des Alains,  des Gépides, des Bourguignons, desSarmates, des Hérules et des Saxons, passa le Rhin (406) pour venir pendant trois années ravager les Gaules; en 409, ils traversèrent les passes des Pyrénées avec Gonderick, fils de Godegisel, et dévastèrent l'Espagne.Le roi wisigoth Wallia, au service de Rome (416-418), et poussé par Honorius, livra des combats acharnés aux Vandales, mais ceux-ci, après quelques insuccès, détruisirent une armée romaine envoyée contre eux (422) et s'emparèrent du Sud de l'Espagne. Ils obtinrent alors en partage, la Bétique, qui prit le nom de Vandalousie ou Andalousie. Leur domination assez douce fut, acceptée dans cette contrée.  La querelle d'Aétius, vainqueur d'Attila, et de Boniface, le défenseur de Marseille, qui avait reconquis l'Afrique, allait donner aux Vandales une nouvelle occasion d'intervenir dans les affaires de l'empire. A la mort de Gonderick (427), son frère illégitime Genséric prit le pouvoir; celui-ci fut appelé en Afrique par Boniface qui gouvernait pour l'impératrice Placidie et, inquiet des intrigues de son rival Aétius à la cour, venait de se révolter. Genséric passa aussitôt en Afrique (mai 429) avec 30.000 Goths et Alains : en vain Boniface, qui avait fait la paix avec la cour de Ravenne, lui demanda de repasser la mer. Genséric, profitant des discordes entre les partisans et les ennemis des Romains, en même temps que du schisme des donatistes qui déchirait l'Église d'Afrique, se conduisit en conquérant et s'empara du pays qu'il ravagea. Cependant Boniface étant rentré en grâce auprès de l'impératrice Placidie, et ayant fait reconnaître la perfidie d'Aétius, essaya vainement d'arrêter les Vandales, qui occupaient la Mauritanie, il fut vaincu, assiégé dans Hippone en 430, et obligé de consentir à une paix (431) qui assurait à Genséric la possession de l'Afrique  et de la Numidie, depuis les colonnes d'Hercule jusqu'à Hippone et Cirta. En 439, violant le traité, il enleva Carthage qu'il prit pour capitale et obtint par un nouveau traité, en 442, des frontières beaucoup plus vastes. Il donna tous ses soins à sa flotte et fut bientôt maître de la Méditerranée; il s'empara de la Mauritanie et de Tripoli.   Leur marine était devenue redoutable dans la Méditerranée; aussi, ils parurent bientôt en Sicile, en Sardaigne, dans les îles Baléares, et jusque sur les côtes de l'Italie et de la Grèce. Rome elle-même fut saccagée pendant 14 jours, en 455. Léonce entreprit de venger l'affront fait à l'empire; il rassembla 100.000 hommes sous les ordres de Basilicus; mais la flotte qui devait transporter ces troupes à Carthage, pour y chercher les dépouilles enlevées aux Romains par les Vandales, fut incendiée et l'armée dispersée. La cour de Constantinople fut alors forcée de reconnaître les conquêtes de Genséric, qui comprenaient, outre l'Afrique jusqu'à la Cyrénaïque, la Sardaigne, la Corse, la Sicile et les Baléares.  Genséric mourut peu après, en 477, et l'empire qu'il avait fondé ne lui survécut guère. Les Maures, dont il avait fait ses alliés, ne tardèrent pas à envahir les villes sous ses successeurs. Hunéric, fils de Genséric, lui succéda et régna de 477 à 484; après lui, vint le neveu de Hunéric, Gundamund, qui régna jusqu'en 496, et le frère de ce dernier, Thrasamund, qui régna jusqu'en 523. Ces despotes puissants eurent alors pour successeur Hildéric (526-530), fils de Hunéric et de la fille de l'empereur Valentinien. Hildéric, élevé à la cour de Constantinople, ami de Justinien et chrétien orthodoxe, n'était pas un roi guerrier; il affaiblit son royaume et fit massacrer la veuve de son prédécesseur, fille du roi ostrogoth Théodoric, avec 6.000 Goths qui l'avaient accompagrée en Afrique.  Justinien prit pour prétexte l'usurpation de Gélimer, qui venait de renverser, en 530, son cousin Hildéric. Ce dernier avait été élevé à Constantinople, et s'était lié avec Justinien. Il envoya son général Bélisaire en 533 contre les Vandales. Bélisaire n'avait que 30.000 hommes; il parvint cependant à entrer dans Carthage, battit les Vandales à Tricaméron, fit prisonnier Gélimer et l'emmena à Constantinople : trois années suffirent à ruiner l'empire de Genséric. Les Vandales, qui avaient adopté les moeurs et la licence des Romains, étaient incapables de résister. En outre, ils n'avaient pu se fondre avec les Romains qui différaient d'eux par la nationalité et les croyances et formaient le plus grand nombre; établis à Carthage, les Vandales ne s'étaient pas assimilé les trois quarts des provinces; ils avaient conservé l'administration romaine pour tous les bas emplois, tandis que les grandes charges étaient confiées aux Germains; l'administration de ceux-ci était meilleure que l'ancienne, mais entachée d'arbitraire; les Vandales ariens laissaient cependant la liberté de croyances aux catholiques romains; et s'il y eut quelques persécutions, elles furent motivées par le désir d'obliger les empereurs romains à accorder aux ariens la tolérance dans l'empire romain. A partir de 544, les historiens ne font plus mention des Vandales; ils disparaissent, absorbés par leurs vainqueurs, réduits au servage ou incorporés dans l'armée. impériale. Leur nom resta cependant longtemps dans la mémoire des peuples. Leur passage à travers l'empire avait été signalé par de tels actes de cruauté et de pillage; que toutes les hordes barbares même arabes, slaves, etc., reçurent indistinctement le nom de Vandales. De nos jours même, c'est, l'expression de vandalisme qui sert à flétrir l'ignorance ou l'aveuglement de ceux qui détruisent, sans les comprendre les chefs-d'oeuvre de l'art. (GE /DHG). VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii), a term used by early writers only as a collective designation for a group of Teutonic tribes including, according to Pliny, the Burgundians and the Goths. As a tribal name Vandali occurs first in connexion with the Marcomannic War. The people to whom 'the name is there applied seem to be identical with those formerly ,known as Lugii. Another tribe called Silingae by Ptolemy likewise appears among the Vandals at a later time. Both these tribes appear to have inhabited the upper part of the basin of the Oder, and the name of the Silingae is preserved in Silesia. The Vandals figure in the earliest legends both of the Goths and the Lembo rds, both of whom they are said to have encountered unsuccessfully. They first came into contact with the Romans during the Marcomannic War. In the time of Aurelian they invaded Pannonia, and during the reign of Probus we find them fighting in Dacia. In the time of Constantine I., according to Jordanes, they suffered a great defeat at the hands of Geberich, king of the Goths, their own king Visimar being killed, and the survivors were allowed by the Romans to settle in Pannonia. Here they seem to have remained in subjection to the Romans for about sixty years. In the year 406 they moved westward, according to some writers at the instigation of Stilicho, who is himself said to have been of Vandal origin, and Crossing the Rhine at Mainz proceeded towards Gaul. A portion of the nation is, however, said to have remained behind, and Procopius tells a story that these remnants sent an embassy to Gaiseric, asking that their kinsfolk in Africa should renounce their claims to the lands which their forefathers had held in the old homes of the race. - (F. G. M. B.) In Gaul the Vandals fought a great battle with the Franks, in which they were defeated with the loss of 2000 men, and their king Godegisel was slain. In 409 his son Gunderic led them across the Pyrenees. They appear to have settled in Spain in two detachments. One, the Asdingian Vandals, occupied Galicia, the other, the Silingian, Andalusia. Twenty years of bloody and purposeless warfare with the armies of the empire and with their fellow-barbarians, the Goths and the Suevi, followed. The Silingian Vandals were well-nigh exterminated, but their Asdingian brethren (with whom were now associatedthe remains of a Turanian people, the Alani, who had been utterly defeated by the Goths) marched across Spain and took possession of Andalusia. In 428 or 429 the whole nation set sail for Africa, upon an invitation received - by their king from Bonifacius, count of Africa, who had fallen into disgrace with the court of Ravenna. Gunderic was now dead, and supreme power was in the hands of his bastard brother, Who is generally known in history as Genseric, -though the more correct form of his name is Gaiseric. This man, short of stature and with limping gait, but with a great natural capacity for war and dominion, reckless of human life and unrestrained by conscience or pity, was for fifty years the hero of the Vandal race and the terror of Constantinople and Rome. Probably in the month of May 428 he assembled all his people on the shore of Andalusia, and numbering the males among them from the greybeard down to the newborn infant found them to amount to 8o,000 souls. The passage was effected in the ships of Bonifacius, who, however, soon returning to his old loyalty, besought his new allies to depart from Africa. They, of course, refused, and Bonifacius turned against them, too late, however, to repair the mischief which he had caused. Notwithstanding his opposition, the progress of the Vandals was rapid, and by May 430 only three cities of Roman Africa—Carthage, Hippo and Cirta—remained untaken. The long siege of Hippo (May 430 to July 431), memorable for the last illness and death of St Augustine, which occurred during its progress, ended unsuccessfully for the Vandals. At length (3oth January 435) peace was made between the emperor Valentinian III. and Gaiseric. The emperor was to retain Carthage and the small but rich proconsular province in which it was situated, while Hippo and the other six provinces of Africa were abandoned to the Vandal. Gaiseric observed this treaty no longer than suited his purpose. On the 19th of October 439, without any declaration of war, he suddenly attacked Carthage and took it. The Vandal occupation of this great city, the third among the cities of the Roman empire, lasted for ninety-four years. Gaiseric seems to have counted the years of his sovereignty from the date of its capture. Though most of the remaining years of Gaiseric's life were passed in war, plunder rather than territorial conquest seems to have been the object of his expeditions. He made, in fact, of Carthage a pirate's stronghold, whence he issued forth, like the Barbary pirates of a later day, to attack, as he himself said, " the dwellings of the men with whom God is angry," leaving the question who those men might be to the decision of - the elements. Almost alone among the Teutonic invaders of the empire he set himself to form a powerful fleet, and was probably for thirty years the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean. ' Gaiseric's celebrated expedition against Rome (455), undertaken in response to the call of Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian, was only the greatest of his marauding exploits. He took the city without difficulty, and for fourteen days, in a calm and business-like manner, emptied it of all its movable wealth. The sacred vessels of the Jewish temple, brought to Rome by Titus, are said to have been among the spoils carried to Carthage by the conqueror. Eudoxia and her two daughters were also carried into captivity. One of the princesses, Eudocia, was married to Hunneric, eldest son of Gaiseric; her mother and sister, after long and tedious negotiations, were sent to Constantinople. There does not seem to be in the story of the capture of Rome by the Vandals any justification for the charge of wilful and object-less destruction of public buildings which is implied in the word " vandalism." It is probable that this charge grew out of the fierce persecution which was carried on by Gaiseric and his son against. the Catholic Christians, aid which is the darkest stain on their characters. This persecution is described with great vividness, and no doubt with some exaggeration, by the nearly contemporary Victor Vitensis. Churches were burned; bishops and priests were forced by cruel and revolting tortures to reveal the hiding-places of the sacred vessels; the rich provincials who were employed about the court, and who still adhered to the Catholic faith, were racked and beaten, and put to death. The bishops were almost universally banished, and the congregations were forbidden to elect their successors, so that the greater part of the churches of Africa remained " widowed " for a whole generation. In 476, at the very close of Gaiseric's life, by a treaty concluded with the Eastern emperor, the bishops were permitted to return. There was then a short lull in the persecution; but on the death of Gaiseric (477) and the accession of Hunneric it broke out again with greater violence than ever, the ferocity of Hunneric being more thoroughly stupid and brutal than the calculating cruelty of his father. On the death of Hunneric (484) he was succeeded by his cousin Gunthamund, Gaiseric having established seniority among his own descendants as the law of succession to his throne. Gunthamund (484–96) and his brother Thrasamund (496–523), though Arians, abated some of the rigour of the persecution, and maintained the external credit of the monarchy. Internally, however, it was rapidly declining, the once chaste and hardy Vandals being demoralized by the fervid climate of Africa and the sinful delights of their new capital, and falling ever lower into sloth, effeminacy and vice. On the death of Thrasamund, Hilderic (523–31), the son of Hunneric and Eudocia, at length succeeded to the throne. He adhered to the creed of his mother rather than to that of his father; and, in spite of a solemn oath sworn to his predecessor that he would not restore the Catholic churches to their owners, he at once proceeded to do so and to recall the bishops. Hilderic, elderly, Catholic and timid, was very unpopular with his subjects, and after a reign of eight years he was thrust into prison by his warlike cousin Gelimer (531-34)• The wrongs of Hilderic, a Catholic, and with the blood of Theodosius in his veins, afforded to Justinian a long-coveted pretext for overthrowing the Vandal dominion, the latent weakness of which was probably known to the statesmen of Constantinople. A great expedition under the command of Belisarius (in whose train was the historian Procopius) sailed from the Bosporus in June 533, and after touching at Catana in Sicily finally reached Africa in the beginning of September. Gelimer, who was strangely ignorant of the plans of Justinian, had sent his brother Tzazo with some of his best troops to quell a rebellion in Sardinia (that island as well as the Balearic Isles forming part of the Vandal dominions), and the landing of Belisarius was entirely unopposed. He marched rapidly towards Carthage and on the 13th of September was confronted by Gelimer at Ad Decimum, so m. from Carthage. The battle did not reflect any great credit either on Byzantine or Vandal generalship. It was in fact a series of blunders on both sides, but Belisarius made the fewest and victory remained with him. On the 14th of September 533 the imperial general entered Carthage and ate the feast prepared in Gelimer's palace for its lord. Belisarius, however, was too late to save the life of Hilderic, who had been slain by his rival's orders as soon as the news came of the landing of the imperial army. Still Gelimer with many of the Vandal warriors was at liberty. On the return of Tzazo from Sardinia a force was collected considerably larger than the imperial army, and Gelimer met Belisarius in battle at a place about 20 M. from Carthage, called Tricamarum (December 533)• This battle was far more stubbornly con- tested than that of Ad Decimum, but it ended in the utter rout of the Vandals and the flight of Gelimer. He took refuge in a mountain fortress called Pappua on the Numidian frontier, and there, after enduring great hardships in the squalid dwellings of the Moors, surrendered to his pursuers in March 534• The well-known stories of his laughter when he was introduced to Belisarius, and his chant, " Vanitas vanitatum," when he walked before the triumphal car of his conqueror through the streets of Constantinople, probably point to an intellect disordered by his reverses and hardships. The Vandals who were carried captive to Constantinople were enlisted in five squadrons of cavalry and sent to serve against the Parthians under the title " Justinian Vandali." Four hundred escaped to Africa and took part in a mutiny of the imperial troops, which was with difficulty quelled by Belisarius (536). After this the Vandals disappear from history. The overthrow of their kingdom undoubtedly rendered easier the spread of Saracen conquest along the northern shore of Africa in the following century. In this as in many other fields Justinian sowed that Mahomet might reap. (T. H.) See Pliny, Natural History, iv. 99; Tacitus, Germania, cc. 2, 43; Ptolemy, ii. c. 11, §§ 18 ff.; Julius Capitolinus, De Bello Marcomannico, 17; Vopiscus, Probus, 18; Dexippus, Excerpta, pp. 19 ff. (Bonn); and Jordanes, 4, 16, 22; Proeopius, De Bello Vandalico, a first-rate authority for contemporary events, must be used with caution for the history of the two or three generations before his time. The chroniclers Idatius, Prosper and Victor Tunnunensis supply some facts, and for the persecution of the Catholics Victor Vitensis and the Vita Augustini of Posidius may be consulted. See also E Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chaps. xxxiii. and xli. ; Papencordt, Geschichte der vandalischen Herrschaft in Afrika (Berlin. 1837) ; T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders (188o-99) ; L. Schmidt, Geschichte der Wandalen (Leipzig, 1901) ; and F. Martroye, L'Occident d l'epoque byzantine (1904). End of Article: VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii) Read more: VANDALS (Lat. Vandili ... - Online Information article about VANDALS (Lat. Vandili ... http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/VAN_VIR/VANDALS_Lat_Vandili_or_Vandilii.html#ixzz4b1UL8Z8c